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The ash from volcanic eruptions can cause respiratory problems for those exposed to it.

Volcanic lakes, such as Lake Nyos in Cameroon, released dangerous amounts of carbon dioxide, causing mass death.

Health problems caused by volcanic eruptions can be classified into two categories: direct and indirect.

Direct effects:

• Burns and injuries from hot ash, rocks, and lava
• Inhalation of volcanic ash, which can cause respiratory problems, including bronchitis, pneumonia, and eye irritation.
• Poisoning from ingesting ash-contaminated food and water.
• Lacerations and abrasions from flying debris.

Indirect effects:

• Displacement and stress due to evacuation and loss of home and property.
• Poor air quality, water quality and soil quality leading to health issues such as respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems and skin irritation.
• Malnutrition due to crop damage and food shortages.
• Increased risk of water-borne and infectious diseases due to poor sanitation and hygiene conditions during displacement and post-eruption reconstruction.